Female Infertility: Causes and Symptoms

Age, overweight, Ovulation Disorders, and Fallopian Tube Damage are some common causes of infertility. 

Let us understand the cause of female infertility in detail:

1. Ovulation Disorders

Ovulation problems are common causes of infertility in women. These issues occur when an egg is not released from the ovaries properly. Approximately 25% of couples facing infertility have irregular ovulation as the primary cause according to the World Health Organization. 

What causes ovulation disorder? 

• Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): A hormonal disorder causing irregular ovulation or no ovulation. Women with PCOS may have irregular periods, excess hair growth, and acne.
• Hypothalamic Dysfunction: Irregularities in the production of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), which are responsible for stimulating ovulation.
• Premature Ovarian Insufficiency (POI): A condition where the ovaries stop functioning normally before age 40, often due to genetic factors, autoimmune diseases, or other unknown causes.
• Hyperprolactinemia: Excessive production of prolactin (the hormone that stimulates milk production) can interfere with ovulation.

2. Fallopian Tube Damage or Blockage

Issues with the fallopian tubes can prevent the sperm from reaching the egg or block the fertilized egg from reaching the uterus.

What causes fallopian tubes to be damaged?

• An infection in the reproductive organs often caused by sexually transmitted infections (STIs) like chlamydia or gonorrhea can block tubes. 
• When endometrial tissue (the lining of the uterus) grows outside the uterus, causing inflammation and scar tissue, which can block the fallopian tubes.
• Surgical procedures, especially those involving the fallopian tubes, can lead to scarring or blockages.

Related: Symptoms of Blocked Fallopian Tubes

3. Uterine or Cervical Causes

Problems with the uterus or cervix can interfere with implantation or cause recurrent miscarriages.

• Fibroids or Polyps: Non-cancerous growths in the uterus can obstruct the implantation of a fertilized egg or block the fallopian tubes.
• Congenital Uterine Abnormalities: Structural abnormalities present from birth, such as a septate or bicornuate uterus, can affect implantation or increase miscarriage risk.
• Cervical Stenosis: Narrowing of the cervix can limit the number of sperm entering the uterus.
• Cervical Mucus Problems: Abnormalities in cervical mucus can prevent sperm from reaching the egg.

4. Age-Related Factors

The quality and quantity of female eggs decline, particularly after age 35. This reduces the chances of conception and increases the risk of chromosomal abnormalities.

5. Endocrine Disorders

Conditions like thyroid disorders (hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism) and diabetes can disrupt hormonal balance, affecting ovulation and fertility.

6. Lifestyle Factors

• Smoking: Affects ovarian function and reduces egg quality.
• Alcohol and Drug Use: Excessive consumption can harm reproductive health.
• Obesity or Underweight: Extreme body weight can disrupt hormonal balance and menstrual cycles, leading to ovulation issues.
• Excessive Exercise or Stress: Can affect the hypothalamus-pituitary-ovarian axis, leading to irregular or absent ovulation.

7. Genetic Factors

Certain genetic conditions, such as Turner Syndrome (where a woman has only one X chromosome) or other chromosomal abnormalities, can affect reproductive function.

8. Autoimmune Disorders

Conditions like lupus or autoimmune thyroiditis can affect reproductive organs or interfere with implantation.

9. Environmental and Occupational Factors

• Exposure to Toxins: Prolonged exposure to environmental toxins (e.g., pesticides, heavy metals) or radiation can impact fertility.
• Medications and Treatments: Certain medications (like chemotherapy) or treatments (such as radiation) can cause damage to reproductive organs.